Master Automation Testing: Frameworks & Tools

driver.findElement(By.id("username"));
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='email']"));

• findElement(): returns single element, throws exception if not found
• findElements(): returns list of elements, returns empty list if not found

driver.findElement(By.id("login"));
driver.findElements(By.tagName("input"));

• findElement() → ek element deta hai, nahi mila to error
• findElements() → list deta hai, nahi mila to empty list

1. Implicit Wait → applies to all elements globally
2. Explicit Wait → waits for a specific condition
3. Fluent Wait → custom wait with polling and exception handling

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("login")));

• Implicit → sab elements ke liye wait
• Explicit → specific condition ke liye
• Fluent → advanced control wait

Set<String> windows = driver.getWindowHandles();
for(String win : windows){
    driver.switchTo().window(win);
}

driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
driver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();

• Multiple windows → window handles se switch karte hain
• Alerts → accept ya dismiss karte hain

Actions act = new Actions(driver);
act.moveToElement(element).perform(); // hover
act.dragAndDrop(source, target).perform();

1. Create a separate class for each page
2. Store all web elements using locators
3. Create methods for actions (click, sendKeys)
4. Use this page class in test class

// Page Class
public class LoginPage {
    WebDriver driver;
    By username = By.id("user");
    public void enterUsername(String name){
        driver.findElement(username).sendKeys(name);
    }
}

1. Har page ka alag class banao
2. Usme locators rakho
3. Methods banao (click, type)
4. Test class me use karo

TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
File src = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

• TestNG for execution, reporting, grouping
• Maven for dependency management

• close(): closes current window
• quit(): closes all windows and ends session

• close() → current tab band
• quit() → pura browser band

• get(): loads URL and waits completely
• navigate().to(): similar but supports back, forward, refresh

• get() → direct open
• navigate() → back/forward support

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,500)");

• List allows duplicate elements and maintains insertion order. Example: ArrayList
• Set does not allow duplicate elements and does not guarantee order. Example: HashSet
• Map stores data in key-value pairs, where keys must be unique. Example: HashMap

• If I want to store user names → List
• If I want unique emails → Set
• If I want userId and userName → Map

• List → duplicate allow karta hai, order maintain karta hai
• Set → duplicate allow nahi karta
• Map → key-value pair me data store karta hai

• static: It belongs to the class, not to objects. Used for common/shared data.
• final: Used to make variables constant, methods non-overridable, or classes non-inheritable.
• this: Refers to current object and helps differentiate instance variables from local variables.

class Test {
    static int count = 0;
    final int x = 10;
    void show(){
        System.out.println(this.x);
    }
}

• static → class level pe hota hai
• final → change nahi hota
• this → current object ko refer karta hai

Iterator<String> it = list.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()){
    System.out.println(it.next());
}

finally {
    System.out.println("Close resources");
}

• Default constructor
• Parameterized constructor

class Test{
    Test(){
        System.out.println("Object created");
    }
}

• Move all non-zero elements to left
• Fill remaining positions with zero

int[] arr = {1, 0, 2, 0, 3};
int index = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++){
    if(arr[i] != 0){
        arr[index++] = arr[i];
    }
}
while(index < arr.length){
    arr[index++] = 0;
}

• Convert strings to char array
• Sort both arrays
• Compare using equals

char[] a1 = s1.toCharArray();
char[] a2 = s2.toCharArray();
Arrays.sort(a1);
Arrays.sort(a2);
if(Arrays.equals(a1, a2)){
    System.out.println("Anagram");
}

• Split string into words
• Reverse each word
• Join back

String str = "Hello World";
String[] words = str.split(" ");
for(String word : words){
    String rev = new StringBuilder(word).reverse().toString();
    System.out.print(rev + " ");
}

Select sel = new Select(element);
sel.selectByVisibleText("Option");

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("loginBtn")));

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
System.out.println(alert.getText());
alert.accept();  // click OK
alert.dismiss(); // click Cancel
alert.sendKeys("text"); // enter text

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("logo")));
File src = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("screenshot.png"));

src/test/java
 ├── pages
 │    ├── LoginPage.java      (Locators & login())
 │    └── HomePage.java       (Locators & logout())
 ├── tests
 │    ├── LoginTest.java      (Calls LoginPage methods)
 └── base
      └── BaseTest.java       (Driver setup & teardown)

Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles();
List<String> tabs = new ArrayList<>(handles);
driver.switchTo().window(tabs.get(3)); // index 3 = 4th tab

• Base Class: Driver setup, browser config, waits.
• Page Classes: Locators and reusable methods.
• Test Classes: Actual test steps.
• Utility Classes: Screenshot, Excel, and Logs.

driver.switchTo().frame("id"); // Switch In
driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); // Switch Out

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("btn"));
((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);", element);

WebElement source = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
WebElement target = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"));
Actions act = new Actions(driver);
act.dragAndDrop(source, target).perform();

• Simple Alert: Only OK button
• Confirmation Alert: OK & Cancel buttons
• Prompt Alert: Textbox + OK/Cancel

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.accept();  // Click OK
alert.dismiss(); // Click Cancel
System.out.println(alert.getText()); // Read message
alert.sendKeys("Hello"); // Send text to prompt

• Reduces code duplication: Minimal element initialization.
• Improves readability: Clear separation of locators.
• Easy Locators: Locators are managed within annotations.

@BeforeSuite → @BeforeTest → @BeforeClass → @BeforeMethod
    ↓
    @Test
    ↓
@AfterMethod → @AfterClass → @AfterTest → @AfterSuite

• //input[@id='email']/parent::div
• //label[text()='Username']/following-sibling::input

• Given: Precondition
• When: Action
• Then: Expected result

@DataProvider(name="excelData")
public Object[][] getData() {
    return new Object[][] {
        {"admin","1234"},
        {"user","5678"}
    };
}
@Test(dataProvider="excelData")
public void loginTest(String user, String pass) {
    System.out.println(user + " " + pass);
}

driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("admin");
driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys("12345");
driver.findElement(By.id("loginBtn")).click();

driver.findElement(By.id("upload")).sendKeys("C:\\testdata\\file.txt");

@Test
public void loginTest() {
    System.out.println("Login Test Executed");
}

<suite name="Suite" parallel="tests" thread-count="2">

Actions act = new Actions(driver);
act.sendKeys(Keys.ENTER).perform();

Actions act = new Actions(driver);
act.doubleClick(element).perform();

<dependencies>
  <!-- Selenium -->
  <dependency>
    <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
    <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
    <version>4.18.1</version>
  </dependency>
</dependencies>

driver.get("https://example.com");
driver.findElement(By.id("user")).sendKeys("admin");
driver.findElement(By.id("login")).click();

List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
for(WebElement link : links){
    System.out.println(link.getAttribute("href"));
}

Actions act = new Actions(driver);
act.moveToElement(element).click().perform();

Select s = new Select(element);
s.selectByVisibleText("India");

Alert a = driver.switchTo().alert();
a.accept();  // Click OK
a.dismiss(); // Click Cancel

// Implicit (Global)
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
// Explicit (Specific)
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOf(element));

// Login Steps
driver.findElement(By.id("user")).sendKeys("admin");
driver.findElement(By.id("pass")).sendKeys("123");
driver.findElement(By.id("login")).click();
// Search Product
driver.findElement(By.id("search")).sendKeys("Laptop");
driver.findElement(By.id("btn")).click();
// Validation
String actual = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//h2")).getText();
if(actual.contains("Laptop")) {
    System.out.println("Test Passed: Product found");
}

public class ReverseString {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str = "hello";
        String rev = "";
        for(int i=str.length()-1; i>=0; i--){
            rev = rev + str.charAt(i);
        }
        System.out.println(rev);
    }
}

public class PalindromeCheck {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str = "madam";
        String rev = "";
        for(int i=str.length()-1;i>=0;i--){
            rev = rev + str.charAt(i);
        }
        if(str.equals(rev))
            System.out.println("Palindrome");
        else
            System.out.println("Not Palindrome");
    }
}

public class SwapNumbers {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 5, b = 10;
        a = a + b; // 15
        b = a - b; // 5
        a = a - b; // 10
        System.out.println("a: " + a + ", b: " + b);
    }
}

public class Fibonacci {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a=0, b=1, c;
        for(int i=1; i<=10; i++){
            System.out.print(a + " ");
            c = a + b;
            a = b;
            b = c;
        }
    }
}

public class LargestNumber {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int arr[] = {10, 20, 5, 30, 15};
        int max = arr[0];
        for(int i=1; i<arr.length; i++){
            if(arr[i] > max) max = arr[i];
        }
        System.out.println(max);
    }
}

public class CountVowels {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s = "automation";
        int count = 0;
        for(int i=0; i<s.length(); i++){
            char c = s.charAt(i);
            if(c=='a'||c=='e'||c=='i'||c=='o'||c=='u') count++;
        }
        System.out.println(count);
    }
}

public class DuplicateChar {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s = "programming";
        for(int i=0; i<s.length(); i++){
            for(int j=i+1; j<s.length(); j++){
                if(s.charAt(i) == s.charAt(j)){
                    System.out.println(s.charAt(i));
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

public class ReverseArray {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
        for(int i=arr.length-1; i>=0; i--){
            System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
        }
    }
}

public class CountWords {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s = "Java Selenium Automation";
        String words[] = s.split(" ");
        System.out.println(words.length);
    }
}

public class PrimeNumber {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int num = 7, count = 0;
        for(int i=1; i<=num; i++){
            if(num % i == 0) count++;
        }
        if(count == 2) System.out.println("Prime");
        else System.out.println("Not Prime");
    }
}

String s = "Java Selenium";
s = s.replace(" ", "");
System.out.println(s);

String s = "automation";
int count = 0;
for(char c : s.toCharArray()) {
    count++;
}
System.out.println(count);

public class SecondLargest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40};
        int largest=0, second=0;
        for(int num : arr){
            if(num > largest){
                second = largest;
                largest = num;
            } else if (num > second && num != largest) {
                second = num;
            }
        }
        System.out.println(second);
    }
}

int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
for(int i=0; i<arr.length; i++){
    if(arr[i] % 2 == 0) System.out.println(arr[i]);
}

int arr[] = {10, 20, 30};
int sum = 0;
for(int i=0; i<arr.length; i++){
    sum = sum + arr[i];
}
System.out.println(sum);

for(int i=1; i<=10; i++){
    if(i % 2 != 0) System.out.println(i);
}

String s = "Java Selenium";
String words[] = s.split(" ");
for(int i=words.length-1; i>=0; i--){
    System.out.print(words[i] + " ");
}

int arr[] = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4};
for(int i=0; i<arr.length; i++){
    for(int j=i+1; j<arr.length; j++){
        if(arr[i] == arr[j]) System.out.println(arr[i]);
    }
}

import java.util.Arrays;
public class AnagramCheck {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s1="listen", s2="silent";
        char a[]=s1.toCharArray(), b[]=s2.toCharArray();
        Arrays.sort(a); Arrays.sort(b);
        if(Arrays.equals(a,b)) System.out.println("Anagram");
    }
}

String s = "abcd";
for(int i=0; i<s.length(); i++){
    for(int j=i+1; j<s.length(); j++){
        System.out.println(s.charAt(i) + "" + s.charAt(j));
    }
}

import java.util.Random;
public class RandomStringExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789";
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        Random random = new Random();
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            sb.append(chars.charAt(random.nextInt(chars.length())));
        }
        System.out.println(sb.toString());
    }
}

// Bitwise Method (Fastest)
if ((num & 1) == 1) System.out.println("Odd");
else System.out.println("Even");

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.util.Properties;
public class ReadConfig {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Properties prop = new Properties();
        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("src/test/resources/config.properties");
        prop.load(fis);
        System.out.println("Browser: " + prop.getProperty("browser"));
        System.out.println("URL: " + prop.getProperty("url"));
    }
}

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
File source = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(source, new File("D:\\Screenshots\\error.png"));

FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("D:\\TestData.xlsx");
Workbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook(file);
Sheet sheet = workbook.getSheet("Sheet1");
String user = sheet.getRow(1).getCell(0).getStringCellValue();
String pass = sheet.getRow(1).getCell(1).getStringCellValue();

int num = 17; boolean isPrime = true;
if (num <= 1) isPrime = false;
for (int i = 2; i <= num / 2; i++) {
    if (num % i == 0) { isPrime = false; break; }
}
System.out.println(isPrime ? "Prime" : "Not Prime");

int[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 5, 1};
for(int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
    for(int j = i + 1; j < arr.length; j++) {
        if(arr[i] == arr[j]) System.out.println("Duplicate: " + arr[i]);
    }
}

String input = "Selenium", reverse = "";
for(int i = input.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    reverse = reverse + input.charAt(i);
}
System.out.println("Reversed: " + reverse);

class Car { void start(){ System.out.println("Car started"); } }
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Car myCar = new Car(); // Object creation
        myCar.start();         // Calling method
    }
}

try {
    int data = 100 / 0; // Risky code
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
    System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
    System.out.println("Cleanup activities here");
}

int[] arr = {5, 2, 8, 2, 5, 1};
Arrays.sort(arr); 
int n = arr.length; int[] temp = new int[n]; int j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
    if (arr[i] != arr[i+1]) temp[j++] = arr[i];
}
temp[j++] = arr[n-1];
for (int i=0; i<j; i++) System.out.print(temp[i] + " ");

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");
sb.append(" World"); // Modifies same memory space

// List/Set iteration
for(String val : set) { System.out.println(val); }
// Map iteration (Modern way)
map.forEach((k, v) -> System.out.println("Key: " + k + ", Value: " + v));

String[] fruits = {"Apple", "Banana", "Orange"};
for(int i=0; i<fruits.length; i++){
    System.out.println("Index " + i + ": " + fruits[i]);
}

String str = "testing"; char[] chars = str.toCharArray();
for(int i=0; i<str.length(); i++){
  for(int j=i+1; j<str.length(); j++){
    if(chars[i] == chars[j]) System.out.println("Duplicate: " + chars[i]);
  }
}

String s = "Automation"; int length = 0;
for(char c : s.toCharArray()) length++;
System.out.println("Computed Length: " + length);

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter string:");
String s = sc.nextLine(); String rev = "";
for(int i=s.length()-1; i>=0; i--) rev += s.charAt(i);
System.out.println("User Reverse: " + rev);

String arr[] = {"Zebra", "Apple", "Monkey"};
Arrays.sort(arr); // Apple, Monkey, Zebra

int nums[] = {5, 20, 10, 8, 25};
Arrays.sort(nums);
System.out.println("Second Largest: " + nums[nums.length-2]);

public class MyClass {
    int x;
    MyClass(int x) { this.x = x; } // 'this.x' belongs to object
}

Feature: Login Functionality
Scenario: Valid Login
Given user is on login page
When user enters username and password
And user clicks on login button
Then user should be logged in successfully

project-root/
├── src/test/java/
│   ├── base/
│   │   └── BaseClass.java
│   ├── pages/
│   │   ├── LoginPage.java
│   │   ├── Users_Management_Page.java
│   │   └── Policies_Page.java
│   ├── testCases/
│   │   ├── TC01_LoginTest.java
│   │   ├── TC19_Users_Management_Page.java
│   │   └── TC05_Policies_Page.java
│   ├── utilities/
│   │   ├── ConfigReader.java
│   │   ├── WaitUtils.java
│   │   ├── ScreenshotUtil.java
│   │   ├── ExcelUtil.java / ODSReader.java
│   │   └── RetryAnalyzer.java
│   ├── listeners/
│   │   └── CustomReporter.java
├── src/test/resources/
│   ├── config/
│   │   └── config.properties
│   ├── testData/
│   │   └── testdata.xlsx / testdata.ods
├── reports/
├── screenshots/
├── testng.xml
└── pom.xml

• 1. Base Layer: Contains BaseClass which handles WebDriver initialization, browser setup, and teardown methods.
• 2. Page Layer (POM): Contains all Page Object classes where web elements and reusable methods are defined. This ensures separation of UI logic from test logic.
• 3. Test Layer: Contains all TestNG test classes where test scenarios are written using annotations like @Test, @BeforeMethod, and @AfterMethod. Assertions are also implemented here.
• 4. Utilities: Includes reusable components like ConfigReader for reading properties, WaitUtils for synchronization, Screenshot utility for capturing failures, and Excel/ODS utilities for data-driven testing.
• 5. Listeners: Implements TestNG listeners to generate reports such as Extent Reports and to track test execution status.
• 6. Configuration File: config.properties is used to store environment-related data like URL, browser type, username, and password to avoid hardcoding.
• 7. Test Data: External data is maintained in Excel or ODS files for data-driven testing.
• 8. TestNG XML: testng.xml is used to manage test execution, grouping (smoke/regression), and parallel execution.

project-root/
├── src/test/java/
│   ├── base/
│   │   └── BaseClass.java
│   ├── pages/
│   │   ├── LoginPage.java
│   │   ├── Users_Management_Page.java
│   │   └── Policies_Page.java
│   ├── stepdefinitions/
│   │   └── LoginSteps.java
│   ├── utilities/
│   │   ├── ConfigReader.java
│   │   ├── WaitUtils.java
│   │   ├── ScreenshotUtil.java
│   │   └── ExcelUtil.java
│   ├── runners/
│   │   └── TestRunner.java
│   └── listeners/
│       └── CustomReporter.java
├── src/test/resources/
│   ├── features/
│   │   └── login.feature
│   └── config/
│       └── config.properties
├── reports/
├── screenshots/
├── testng.xml
└── pom.xml

• 1. Base Layer: Contains BaseClass which handles WebDriver initialization, browser setup, and teardown.
• 2. Page Layer (POM): Contains all Page Object classes where web elements and actions are defined. This helps in separating UI logic from test logic.
• 3. Step Definition Layer: Maps feature file steps (Given, When, Then) to Java methods. This acts as a bridge between feature files and automation code.
• 4. Feature Files: Written in Gherkin language and contain test scenarios in a readable format for both technical and non-technical users.
• 5. Runner Class: Uses TestNG with CucumberOptions to control test execution, specify feature file paths, glue code, and reporting.
• 6. Utilities: Reusable components like ConfigReader, WaitUtils, Screenshot utility, and Excel utility for data-driven testing.
• 7. Listeners: Used for generating reports like Extent Reports and capturing execution logs.
• 8. Config File: config.properties is used to store environment details such as URL, browser, username, and password.
• 9. TestNG XML: Used for grouping tests, parallel execution, and managing test suites.

pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Checkout') { steps { git 'url' } }
        stage('Build') { steps { sh 'mvn compile' } }
        stage('Test') { steps { sh 'mvn test' } }
        stage('Reporting') { steps { allure report } }
    }
}

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--headless");

MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("browserName", "Chrome");
URL url = new URL("https://USERNAME:KEY@hub.browserstack.com/wd/hub");
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(url, capabilities);

<suite name="Suite" parallel="tests" thread-count="2">
  <test name="ChromeTest"> ... </test>
  <test name="FirefoxTest"> ... </test>
</suite>

docker run -d -p 4444:4444 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-chrome:latest

version: "3"
services:
  selenium-hub:
    image: selenium/hub:latest
    ports: [ "4444:4444" ]
  chrome:
    image: selenium/node-chrome:latest
    depends_on: [ selenium-hub ]
    environment: [ SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub ]

docker-compose up --scale chrome=5 -d

given().header("Content-Type", "application/json")
.when().get("/users")
.then().statusCode(200);

Response res = given().get("/api/user");
JsonPath js = new JsonPath(res.asString());
String name = js.getString("data.first_name");

given().header("Authorization", "Bearer " + myToken)
.get("/secure-endpoint")
.then().statusCode(200);

UiAutomator2Options options = new UiAutomator2Options();
options.setPlatformName("Android");
options.setDeviceName("emulator-5554");
options.setAppPackage("com.example.app");
options.setAppActivity(".MainActivity");

SELECT MAX(Salary) FROM Employees 
WHERE Salary < (SELECT MAX(Salary) FROM Employees);